Language and Culture
Shokoofe Jafari; Shadi Davari; roya sedigh
Abstract
Language encodes abstract concepts like points of spatial orientations including above, down, back and the like by means of such concrete domains as organ words, nature words, and some verbs. In this research, the process of changing these objective sources into spatial oriention is called directionization. ...
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Language encodes abstract concepts like points of spatial orientations including above, down, back and the like by means of such concrete domains as organ words, nature words, and some verbs. In this research, the process of changing these objective sources into spatial oriention is called directionization. Directionization of lexical sources which refers to concrete examples in nature and are considered part of socio-cultural geography, or in other words, related to human culture and social life in relation to the earth, are used for further understanding and, to encode relative, principal, and metaphorical directions through metaphorical expansion. The present study investigates directionization in Persian based on Heine's (1997) approach, and Davari and Naghzgouy Kohan's (2017; 2017) model was used to determine the dimensions of directionization, or the extent of semantic, morpho-syntactic and phonetic changes of sources. The data were collected from poetry and prose books, proverbs, novels, newspapers and websites. The time span includes Old, Middle and Modern Persian. Results indicate that Persian uses landmark terms such as sky, air, roof and alike for expressing geographical, relative and metaphorical directions, and the mentioned lexical sources have finally suffered a second degree of grammaticalization.
Language & Media
Sh. Davari; M. Ghasemi; B. Kokabi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , April 2017, , Pages 9-16
Abstract
According to Heine (2013), the main function of discourse markers is to relate our speech and the situation of discourse (i.e. the speaker-hearer interaction), to explain the speaker’s ideas, and organize the text. They are syntactically independent from the syntactic environment of the sentence. ...
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According to Heine (2013), the main function of discourse markers is to relate our speech and the situation of discourse (i.e. the speaker-hearer interaction), to explain the speaker’s ideas, and organize the text. They are syntactically independent from the syntactic environment of the sentence. Since these markers, as particular tools of language usage and transferring messages, have a significant role in social communication, they make a part of sociolinguistic studies. This paper focuses on a group of Persian discourse markers which have mostly a fixed and certain syntactic structure (such as “The truth is that…”). We call these expressions “Disclosure” discourse markers due to their function in preparing the process of conversation and the addressee for revealing the truths. The research data were gathered from today’s Persian written texts and also Persian speakers speech. The theoretical framework consists of cognitive grammar and Aijmer’s (2007) grammaticalization models. Data analysis indicates that disclosure discourse markers represent a grammaticalized picture of the matrix clause in Persian because they no more carry the main concept of the sentence. This picture reinforces the necessity of reviewing the syntactic concepts of the matrix and subordinate clauses by considering the presence of discoursal elements in the sentence.
